Evaluation of the differential diagnosis of hyperammonemia and hereditary orotic aciduria
Sensitive indicator of ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) activity after administration of allopurinol or a protein load to identify OTC carriers
Colorimetric
Cit I
Citrullinemia I
HHH
LPI
UMPS
Urea Cycle Disorder (UCD)
OTC (Ornithine Transcarbamylase)
ASA (Aspirin)
Argininosuccinic Aciduria
Hereditary Orotic Aciduria
Hyperornithinemia, Hyperammonemia, Homocitrullinuria Syndrome
Lysinuric Protein Intolerance
Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency
Uridine Monophosphate Synthase Deficiency
Argininosuccinate lyase deficiency
Argininosuccinic acid lyase deficiency
Argininosuccinate synthetase deficiency
Urine
1. Patient's age is required.
2. Provide a reason for testing.
Supplies: Urine Tubes, 10 mL (T068)
Container/Tube: Plastic, 10-mL urine tube
Specimen Volume: 10 mL
Collection Instructions:
1. Collect a random or timed urine specimen.
2. No preservative needed.
1. Biochemical Genetics Patient Information (T602)
2. If not ordering electronically, complete, print, and send a Biochemical Genetics Test Request (T798) with the specimen.
3 mL
Specimen Type | Temperature | Time | Special Container |
---|---|---|---|
Urine | Frozen | 30 days |
Evaluation of the differential diagnosis of hyperammonemia and hereditary orotic aciduria
Sensitive indicator of ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) activity after administration of allopurinol or a protein load to identify OTC carriers
Urinary excretion of orotic acid, an intermediate in pyrimidine biosynthesis, is increased in many urea cycle disorders and in a number of other disorders involving the metabolism of arginine. The determination of orotic acid can be useful to distinguish between various causes of elevated ammonia (hyperammonemia). Hyperammonemia is characteristic of all urea cycle disorders, but orotic acid is only elevated in some, including ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, citrullinemia, and argininosuccinic aciduria. Orotic acid is also elevated in the transport defects of dibasic amino acids (lysinuric protein intolerance and hyperornithinemia, hyperammonemia, and homocitrullinuria [HHH] syndrome) and is greatly elevated in patients with hereditary orotic aciduria (uridine monophosphate synthase [UMPS] deficiency).
OTC deficiency is an X-linked urea cycle disorder that affects both male patients and, due to random X-inactivation, female patients. It is thought to be the most common urea cycle disorder with an estimated incidence of 1:56,000. In OTC deficiency, carbamoyl phosphate accumulates and is alternatively metabolized to orotic acid. Allopurinol inhibits orotidine monophosphate decarboxylase and, when given to OTC carriers (who may have normal orotic acid excretion), can cause increased excretion of orotic acid. When orotic acid is measured after a protein load or administration of allopurinol, its excretion is a very sensitive indicator of OTC activity. A carefully monitored allopurinol challenge followed by several determinations of a patient's orotic acid excretion can be useful to identify OTC carriers, as approximately 20% of OTC variant are not detectable by current molecular genetic testing methods.
<2 weeks: 1.4-5.3 mmol/mol creatinine
2 weeks-1 year: 1.0-3.2 mmol/mol creatinine
2-10 years: 0.5-3.3 mmol/mol creatinine
> or =11 years: 0.4-1.2 mmol/mol creatinine
The value for the orotic acid concentration is reported. The
Pregnant women will normally excrete up to twice the upper limit of the adult reference range.
1. Singh RH, Rhead WJ, Smith W, et al. Nutritional management of urea cycle disorders. Crit Care Clin. 2005;21(4 Suppl):S27-35
2. Lee B, Singh RH, Rhead WJ, et al. Considerations in the difficult-to-manage urea cycle disorder patient. Crit Care Clin. 2005;21(4 Suppl):S19-25
3. Brusilow SW, Horwich AL. Urea cycle enzymes. In: Valle D, Antonarakis S, Ballabio A, Beaudet AL, Mitchell GA, eds. The Online Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease. McGraw-Hill; 2019. Accessed January 14, 2024. Available at http://ommbid.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2709§ionid=225084071
4. Webster DR, Becroft DO, van Gennip AH, Van Kuilenburg AP. Hereditary orotic aciduria and other disorders of pyrimidine metabolism. In: Valle D, Antonarakis S, Ballabio A, Beaudet AL, Mitchell GA, eds. The Online Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease., McGraw-Hill; 2019. Accessed January 14, 2024. Available at http://ommbid.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2709§ionid=225090376
5. Ah Mew N, Simpson KL, Gropman AL, Lanpher BC, Chapman KA, Summar, ML. Urea cycle disorders overview. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, et al, eds. GeneReviews [Internet]. University of Washington, Seattle; 2003. Updated June 22, 2017. Accessed January 14, 2024. Available at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1217
Interfering substances such as amino acids, urea, pigments, and creatinine are removed from the urine by passing it through a cation-exchange resin. The orotic acid is then brominated to form dibromobarbituric acid, reduced to barbituric acid with ascorbic acid, and finally condensed with dimethylaminobenzaldehyde to form 5(p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde)-barbituric acid. The absorbance of the final product is measured at 480 nm using a control reaction as reference.(Harris ML, Oberholzer VG. Conditions affecting the colorimetry of orotic acid and orotidine in urine. Clin Chem. 1980;26[3]:473-479); Cowan T, Pasquali M. Laboratory investigations of inborn errors of metabolism. In: Sarafoglou K, Hoffman GF, Roth KS, eds. Pediatric Endocrinology and Inborn Errors of Metabolism. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill; 2017:1139-1158)
Tuesday, Thursday
This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. It has not been cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.
83921
Test Id | Test Order Name | Order LOINC Value |
---|---|---|
OROT | Orotic Acid, U | 17869-9 |
Result Id | Test Result Name |
Result LOINC Value
Applies only to results expressed in units of measure originally reported by the performing laboratory. These values do not apply to results that are converted to other units of measure.
|
---|---|---|
8905 | Orotic Acid, U | 17869-9 |