Test Catalog

Test Id : PIPU

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Pipecolic Acid, Random, Urine

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Overview

Test Catalog

Useful For
Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful

Differentiating between disorders of peroxisomal biogenesis (eg, Zellweger syndrome) and disorders with loss of a single peroxisomal function

 

Detecting abnormal elevations of pipecolic acid in urine

Genetics Test Information
Provides information that may help with selection of the correct genetic test or proper submission of the test request

Pipecolic acid is not detected by conventional organic acid analysis of urine.

 

In the newborn period, pipecolic acid levels are more likely to be abnormal in urine than in plasma or serum. Abnormal levels of pipecolic acid should be interpreted together with the results of other biochemical markers of peroxisomal disorders, such as plasma C22-C26 very long-chain fatty acids, phytanic acid, pristanic acid, red blood cell plasmalogens, and bile acid intermediates.

Highlights

Measurement of pipecolic acid is a useful diagnostic tool for differentiating between peroxisomal biogenesis disorders (Zellweger spectrum disorders) and peroxisomal disorders caused by single enzyme deficiencies, such as X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.

 

Results must be interpreted together with the results of other biochemical markers for peroxisomal disorders.

 

Both urine and plasma are suitable specimens for the detection of pipecolic acid.

Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.

Method Name
A short description of the method used to perform the test

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

NY State Available
Indicates the status of NY State approval and if the test is orderable for NY State clients.

Yes

Reporting Name
Lists a shorter or abbreviated version of the Published Name for a test

Pipecolic Acid, U

Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.

Specimen Type
Describes the specimen type validated for testing

Urine

Necessary Information

Patient's age is required.

Specimen Required
Defines the optimal specimen required to perform the test and the preferred volume to complete testing

Supplies: Urine tubes, 10 mL (T068)

Container/Tube: Plastic, 10-mL urine tube

Specimen Volume: 5 mL

Collection Instructions:

1. Collect a random urine specimen.

2. No preservative.

Special Instructions
Library of PDFs including pertinent information and forms related to the test

Forms

Specimen Minimum Volume
Defines the amount of sample necessary to provide a clinically relevant result as determined by the testing laboratory. The minimum volume is sufficient for one attempt at testing.

2 mL

Reject Due To
Identifies specimen types and conditions that may cause the specimen to be rejected

  All specimens will be evaluated at Mayo Clinic Laboratories for test suitability.

Specimen Stability Information
Provides a description of the temperatures required to transport a specimen to the performing laboratory, alternate acceptable temperatures are also included

Specimen Type Temperature Time Special Container
Urine Frozen (preferred) 94 days
Refrigerated 14 days

Useful For
Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful

Differentiating between disorders of peroxisomal biogenesis (eg, Zellweger syndrome) and disorders with loss of a single peroxisomal function

 

Detecting abnormal elevations of pipecolic acid in urine

Genetics Test Information
Provides information that may help with selection of the correct genetic test or proper submission of the test request

Pipecolic acid is not detected by conventional organic acid analysis of urine.

 

In the newborn period, pipecolic acid levels are more likely to be abnormal in urine than in plasma or serum. Abnormal levels of pipecolic acid should be interpreted together with the results of other biochemical markers of peroxisomal disorders, such as plasma C22-C26 very long-chain fatty acids, phytanic acid, pristanic acid, red blood cell plasmalogens, and bile acid intermediates.

Testing Algorithm
Delineates situations when tests are added to the initial order. This includes reflex and additional tests.

Clinical Information
Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test

Pipecolic acid (PA) is an intermediate of lysine metabolism and is oxidized in the peroxisomes by the enzyme L-pipecolate oxidase. In peroxisome biogenesis disorders (eg, Zellweger syndrome), the activity of this enzyme is lost, resulting in an increase in pipecolic acid levels. In contrast, in peroxisomal disorders involving single enzyme deficiencies such as D-bifunctional protein deficiency, PA is not elevated; therefore, PA analysis is useful for differentiating between these 2 groups of disorders.

 

Increased pipecolic acid levels may also be seen in alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (pyridoxine dependent epilepsy), hyperlysinemia types 1 and 2, and defects in proline metabolism.

 

Theoretically, a defect in L-pipecolate oxidase can exist, and several cases of hyperpipecolic acidemia have been reported, but a specific enzyme deficiency has not been described in any of the patients.

Reference Values
Describes reference intervals and additional information for interpretation of test results. May include intervals based on age and sex when appropriate. Intervals are Mayo-derived, unless otherwise designated. If an interpretive report is provided, the reference value field will state this.

< or =31 days: < or =223.8 nmol/mg creatinine

32 days-5 months: < or =123.1 nmol/mg creatinine

6 months-11 months: < or =45.0 nmol/mg creatinine

> or =1 year: < or =5.7 nmol/mg creatinine

Interpretation
Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results

Elevated pipecolic acid levels are seen in disorders of peroxisomal biogenesis; normal levels are seen in disorders with loss of a single peroxisomal function.

 

Abnormal levels of pipecolic acid should be interpreted together with the results of other biochemical markers of peroxisomal disorders, such as serum C22-C26 very long-chain fatty acids, phytanic acid, pristanic acid (POX / Fatty Acid Profile, Peroxisomal [C22-C26], Serum); red blood cell plasmalogens (PGRBC / Plasmalogens, Blood); and bile acid intermediates (BAIPD / Bile Acids for Peroxisomal Disorders, Serum).

Cautions
Discusses conditions that may cause diagnostic confusion, including improper specimen collection and handling, inappropriate test selection, and interfering substances

Newborns with disorders of peroxisomal biogenesis often have normal levels of pipecolic acid that increase with age.

 

Abnormal results may reflect either prematurity or nongenetic liver or kidney disease.

 

Pipecolic acid is not detected by conventional organic acid analysis (OAU / Organic Acids Screen, Random, Urine).

 

Vigabatrin interferes with pipecolic acid determination.

 

Methylmalonic acid interferes with pipecolic acid determination.

Clinical Reference
Recommendations for in-depth reading of a clinical nature

1. Gartner J, Rosewich H, Thoms S. The peroxisome biogenesis disorders. In: Valle D, Antonarakis S, Ballabio A, Beaudet AL, Mitchell GA, eds. The Online Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease. McGraw-Hill Medical; 2019. Accessed November 02, 2023. Available at https://ommbid.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2709&sectionid=22554226

2. Wanders RJA, Barth PG, Heymans HAS. Single peroxisomal enzyme deficiencies. In: Valle D, Antonarakis S, Ballabio A, Beaudet AL, Mitchell GA, eds. The Online Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease. McGraw-Hill Medical; 2019. Accessed November 02, 2023. Available at https://ommbid.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2709&sectionid=225542524

3. Peduto A, Baumgartner MR, Verhoeven NM, et al. Hyperpipecolic acidaemia: a diagnostic tool for peroxisomal disorders. Mol Genet Metab. 2004;82:224-230

4. Braverman N, Raymond G, Rizzo WB, et al. Peroxisome biogenesis disorders in the Zellweger spectrum: An overview of current diagnosis, clinical manifestations, and treatment guidelines. Mol Genet Metab. 2016;117(3):313-321

Method Description
Describes how the test is performed and provides a method-specific reference

Pipecolic acid is quantitated by a stable isotope dilution method; electron capture negative chemical ionization gas chromatography mass spectrophotometry of pentafluorobenzyl esters.(Kok RM, Kaster L, de Jong AP, et al. Stable isotope dilution analysis of pipecolic acid in cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, urine and amniotic fluid using electron capture negative ion mass fragmentography. Clin Chim Acta. 1987;168:143-152, Kuhara t, Akiyama T, Ohse M, et al. Identification of new biomarkers of pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy by GC/MS-based urine metabolomics. Anal Biochem. 2020;604:113739. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2020.113739)

PDF Report
Indicates whether the report includes an additional document with charts, images or other enriched information

No

Day(s) Performed
Outlines the days the test is performed. This field reflects the day that the sample must be in the testing laboratory to begin the testing process and includes any specimen preparation and processing time before the test is performed. Some tests are listed as continuously performed, which means that assays are performed multiple times during the day.

Tuesday

Report Available
The interval of time (receipt of sample at Mayo Clinic Laboratories to results available) taking into account standard setup days and weekends. The first day is the time that it typically takes for a result to be available. The last day is the time it might take, accounting for any necessary repeated testing.

3 to 9 days

Specimen Retention Time
Outlines the length of time after testing that a specimen is kept in the laboratory before it is discarded

1 month

Performing Laboratory Location
Indicates the location of the laboratory that performs the test

Rochester

Fees :
Several factors determine the fee charged to perform a test. Contact your U.S. or International Regional Manager for information about establishing a fee schedule or to learn more about resources to optimize test selection.

  • Authorized users can sign in to Test Prices for detailed fee information.
  • Clients without access to Test Prices can contact Customer Service 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
  • Prospective clients should contact their account representative. For assistance, contact Customer Service.

Test Classification
Provides information regarding the medical device classification for laboratory test kits and reagents. Tests may be classified as cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and used per manufacturer instructions, or as products that do not undergo full FDA review and approval, and are then labeled as an Analyte Specific Reagent (ASR) product.

This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. It has not been cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

CPT Code Information
Provides guidance in determining the appropriate Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code(s) information for each test or profile. The listed CPT codes reflect Mayo Clinic Laboratories interpretation of CPT coding requirements. It is the responsibility of each laboratory to determine correct CPT codes to use for billing.

CPT codes are provided by the performing laboratory.

82542

LOINC® Information
Provides guidance in determining the Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) values for the order and results codes of this test. LOINC values are provided by the performing laboratory.

Test Id Test Order Name Order LOINC Value
PIPU Pipecolic Acid, U 33659-4
Result Id Test Result Name Result LOINC Value
Applies only to results expressed in units of measure originally reported by the performing laboratory. These values do not apply to results that are converted to other units of measure.
81248 Pipecolic Acid, U 33659-4
29952 Interpretation 59462-2
29954 Reviewed By 18771-6

Test Setup Resources

Setup Files
Test setup information contains test file definition details to support order and result interfacing between Mayo Clinic Laboratories and your Laboratory Information System.

Excel | Pdf

Sample Reports
Normal and Abnormal sample reports are provided as references for report appearance.

Normal Reports | Abnormal Reports

SI Sample Reports
International System (SI) of Unit reports are provided for a limited number of tests. These reports are intended for international account use and are only available through MayoLINK accounts that have been defined to receive them.

SI Normal Reports | SI Abnormal Reports