Detecting high-risk (HR) genotypes associated with the development of cervical cancer
Aiding in triaging women with abnormal Pap smear test results
Individual genotyping of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 and/or HPV-18 if present
Results of HPV-16 and HPV-18 genotyping can aid in triaging women with positive HR-HPV but negative Pap smear results
This test is not intended for use in determining the need for treatment (ie, excisional or ablative treatment of the cervix) in the absence of high-grade cervical dysplasia. Patients who are HPV16/18 positive should be monitored carefully for the development of high-grade cervical dysplasia according to current practice guidelines.
This test is not intended for women who have undergone hysterectomy.
This test is not intended for use with samples other than those collected by a clinician using an endocervical brush or spatula and placed in the ThinPrep Pap test PreservCyt solution.
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
High Risk HPV
HPV (Human Papillomavirus) PCR
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Genotyping
Varies
For vaginal specimens, order VHPV / Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaginal Detection with Genotyping for High-Risk Types by PCR.
Specimen source is required, collection date, and patient identifiers are required.
| Question ID | Description | Answers |
|---|---|---|
| SS017 | Specimen Source |
Cervix Cervix Biopsy Endocervix Cervix / Endocervix |
Specimen Type: Cervical (endocervical or ectocervical)
Container/Tube: ThinPrep/PreservCyt solution vial
Specimen Volume: 3 mL of solution in ThinPrep/PreservCyt vial
Collection Instructions:
1. Bag ThinPrep specimens individually as they have a tendency to leak during transport.
2. Place labels on the vial and on the bag.
If not ordering electronically, complete, print, and send Microbiology Test Request (T244)
1 mL
| Specimen containing CytoRich Red preservative fluid | Reject |
| Specimen Type | Temperature | Time | Special Container |
|---|---|---|---|
| Varies | Ambient (preferred) | 42 days | |
| Refrigerated | 42 days |
Detecting high-risk (HR) genotypes associated with the development of cervical cancer
Aiding in triaging women with abnormal Pap smear test results
Individual genotyping of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 and/or HPV-18 if present
Results of HPV-16 and HPV-18 genotyping can aid in triaging women with positive HR-HPV but negative Pap smear results
This test is not intended for use in determining the need for treatment (ie, excisional or ablative treatment of the cervix) in the absence of high-grade cervical dysplasia. Patients who are HPV16/18 positive should be monitored carefully for the development of high-grade cervical dysplasia according to current practice guidelines.
This test is not intended for women who have undergone hysterectomy.
This test is not intended for use with samples other than those collected by a clinician using an endocervical brush or spatula and placed in the ThinPrep Pap test PreservCyt solution.
Persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is the principal cause of cervical cancer. The presence of HPV has been implicated in more than 99% of cervical cancers worldwide, including both cervical squamous cell carcinoma and cervical adenocarcinoma. Before the development of invasive cancer, HPV infects the squamous mucosa cells and/or the glandular cells of the endocervix, leading to clonal expansion and morphologic changes. While the HPV-infected cells are restricted to their normal anatomic location, these changes are classified as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). The severity of the morphologic changes and the degree to which those changes resemble the morphology of an invasive carcinoma are used to "grade" CIN. In general, high-grade CIN more closely resembles invasive carcinoma morphologically. HPV can also infect other mucosal cells in the anogenital region, such as the vaginal mucosa, leading to the development of HPV-associated intraepithelial neoplasia as well as invasive carcinoma not involving the cervix itself, although this is less common.
HPV is a small, nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA virus with a genome of approximately 8000 nucleotides. There are more than 118 different types of HPV, and approximately 40 different HPVs can infect the human anogenital mucosa. Only a very small percentage of patients exposed to HPV will develop CIN. Of those patients who develop CIN, only a small percentage will progress to invasive cervical cancer. Sexual transmission of HPV is extremely common, with estimates of up to 75% of all women being exposed to HPV at some point. However, almost all infected women will mount an effective immune response and clear the infection within 2 years without long-term health consequences. Both high-risk HPV genotypes (especially HPV-16 and 18) and persistent HPV infection (eg, an infection that is not cleared by the patient's immune system over time) are associated with an increased chance of progressing to high-grade CIN and invasive cancer.
Data suggest that certain HPV genotypes (eg, HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68) are high-risk (HR) for the development of cervical cancer and its precursor lesions. Furthermore, HPV types 16 and 18 have been regarded as the genotypes most closely associated with progression to cervical cancer. HPV-16 is the most carcinogenic and is associated with approximately 60% of all cervical cancers, while HPV-18 accounts for approximately 10% to 15% of cervical cancers.
In developed countries with cervical cancer screening programs, the Pap smear has been used since the mid-1950s as the primary tool to morphologically detect CIN, the precursor to cervical cancer. Pap smear screening has decreased death rates due to cervical cancer dramatically, since in many cases CIN can be treated and eliminated (eg, by local excision) before it progresses to invasive carcinoma. Although Pap smears and other liquid-based cytology methods have many advantages, they also have limitations: they require subjective interpretation by a highly trained cytopathologist and misinterpretation can occur, morphologic changes that resemble HIV-associated CIN can be caused by other conditions (eg, inflammation), and Pap smear does not sample every cell within the cervix/anogenital region potentially leading to falsely negative results. Perhaps most importantly, a Pap smear does not differentiate between HPV genotypes that are high or low risk for progression to cervical cancer, and it does not detect very early infections, which may lack a morphological phenotype.
Nucleic acid (DNA) testing by polymerase chain reaction has become a standard, noninvasive method for determining the presence of a cervical HPV infection. Proper implementation of nucleic acid testing for HPV may:
1) increase the sensitivity of cervical cancer screening programs by detecting high-risk lesions earlier in women 30 years and older with normal cytology.
2) reduce the need for unnecessary colposcopy and treatment in patients 21 and older with cytology results showing atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance.
Data suggest that individual genotyping for HPV types 16 and 18 can assist in determining appropriate follow-up testing and triaging women at risk for progression to cervical cancer. Studies have shown that the absolute risk of CIN-2 or worse in HPV-16 and/or HPV-18 positive women is 11.4% (95% CI 8.4%-14.8%) compared with 6.1% (95% CI, 4.9%-7.2%) of women positive for other HR-HPV genotypes, and 0.8% (95% CI, 0.3%-1.5%) in HR-HPV-negative women.(4) Based on these data, the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology now recommends that HPV 16/18 genotyping be performed on women who are positive for HR-HPV but negative by routine cytology. Women who are found to be positive for HPV-16 and/or -18 may be referred to colposcopy, while women who are negative for genotypes 16 and 18 may have repeat cytology and HR-HPV testing in 12 months.
Negative for human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68
A positive result indicates the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA from one or more of the following genotypes: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68.
A negative result indicates the absence of HPV DNA of the targeted genotypes.
For patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance Pap smear result and who are positive for high-risk (HR) HPV, consider referral for colposcopy, if clinically indicated.
For women 25 years and older with a negative Pap smear result but who are positive for HPV-16 and/or HPV-18, consider referral for colposcopy, if clinically indicated.
For women 25 years and older with a negative Pap smear, positive-HR-HPV test result, but who are negative for HPV-16 and HPV-18, consider repeat testing by both cytology and a HR-HPV test in 12 months.
The cobas human papillomavirus (HPV) test is US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for cervical and endocervical samples collected in PreservCyt (ThinPrep) media.
The cobas HPV test detects DNA from high-risk genotypes 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68. This test does not detect DNA of HPV low-risk types (eg, 6, 11, 42, 43, 44) since these are not associated with cervical cancer and its precursor lesions.
Prevalence of HPV infection in a population may affect performance. Positive-predictive values decrease when testing populations with low prevalence or individuals with no risk of infection.
Infection with HPV is not an indicator of cytologic high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) or underlying high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), nor does it imply that CIN2-3 or cancer will develop. Most women infected with 1 or more high-risk (HR) HPV types do not develop CIN2-3 or cancer.
A negative-HR-HPV result does not exclude the possibility of future cytologic HSIL or underlying CIN2-3 or cancer.
Cervical specimens often show visibly detectable levels of whole blood as a pink or light brown coloration. These specimens are processed normally on the cobas Systems. If concentrations of whole blood exceed 10% (dark-red or brown coloration) in PreservCyt solution, there is a likelihood of obtaining a false-negative result.
The cobas HPV Test performance has not been validated with PreservCyt specimens that have been treated with glacial acetic acid for removal of red blood cells over 5%. Addition of glacial acetic acid over 5% in PreservCyt specimens prior to HPV testing would invalidate the cobas HPV Test results.
Human beta-globin amplification and detection is included in cobas HPV to differentiate HPV negative specimens from those that do not exhibit HPV signal due to insufficient cell mass in the specimen. All HPV negative specimens must have a valid beta-globin signal within a pre-defined range to be identified as valid negatives.
The cobas HPV Test performance has not been validated with PreservCyt specimens that have been filled past the maximum fill line of the primary vial. ThinPrep vials that have had any additional PreservCyt fluid volume added or any dissimilar fluid volume added to the initial specimen should not be submitted for testing.
The presence of polymerase chain reaction inhibitors may cause false-negative or invalid results.
HPV-negative cancers of the cervix do occur in rare circumstances. Also, no cancer screening test is 100% sensitive. Use of this device for primary cervical cancer screening should be undertaken after carefully considering the performance characteristics put forth in the cobas HPV Test label, as well as recommendations of professional guidelines.
The use of this test has not been evaluated for the management of women with prior ablative or excisional therapy, hysterectomy, who are pregnant, or who have other risk factors (eg, HIV positive, immunocompromised, history of sexually transmitted infections).
The effects of other potential variables (eg, vaginal discharge, use of tampons, douching) and specimen collection variables have not been evaluated.
1. Saslow D, Solomon D, Lawson HW, et al. American Cancer Society, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, and American Society for Clinical Pathology screening guidelines for the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2012;16(3):175-204. doi: 10.1097/LGT.0b013e31824ca9d5
2. Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM, et al. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J Pathol. 1999;189(1):12-19. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199909)189:1
3. de Sanjose S, Quint WG, Alemany L, et al. Human papillomavirus genotype attribution in invasive cervical cancer: a retrospective cross-sectional worldwide study. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(11):1048-1056. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70230-8
4. Wright TC Jr, Stoler MH, Sharma A, Zhang G, Behrens C, Wright TL: Evaluation of HPV-16 and HPV-18 genotyping for the triage of women with high-risk HPV positive, cytology-negative results. Am J Clin Pathol. 2011;136(4):578-586. doi: 10.1309/AJCPTUS5EXAS6DKZ
The cobas HPV test is a qualitative real-time PCR test that detects 14 high-risk HPV genotypes. The test uses primers to define a sequence of approximately 200 nucleotides within the polymorphic L1 region of the HPV genome. A pool of HPV primers present in the Master Mix is designed to amplify HPV DNA from 14 high-risk types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68). An additional primer pair targets the human beta-globin gene (330 base pair amplicon) as an internal control to monitor the entire sample preparation and PCR amplification process. Fluorescent oligonucleotide probes bind to polymorphic regions within the sequence defined by these primers. The test utilizes a low titer positive and a negative control.(Package insert: cobas HPV: Qualitative nucleic acid test for the cobas 6800/8800 Systems. Roche Diagnostics, Inc; Rev. 2.0 03/2021)
Monday through Saturday
This test has been cleared, approved, or is exempt by the US Food and Drug Administration and is used per manufacturer's instructions. Performance characteristics were verified by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements.
87624
G0476 (if appropriate)
| Test Id | Test Order Name | Order LOINC Value |
|---|---|---|
| HPV | HPV with Genotyping, PCR, ThinPrep | 71432-9 |
| Result Id | Test Result Name |
Result LOINC Value
Applies only to results expressed in units of measure originally reported by the performing laboratory. These values do not apply to results that are converted to other units of measure.
|
|---|---|---|
| SS017 | Specimen Source | 31208-2 |
| 35924 | HPV High Risk type 16, PCR | 77399-4 |
| 35925 | HPV High Risk type 18, PCR | 77400-0 |
| 35926 | HPV other High Risk types, PCR | 71431-1 |